China’s latest stealth vessel, the Luohe, conducts firepower tests in the Yellow Sea.

Reports indicate that China’s latest naval asset, the Luohe, a Type 054B stealth frigate, has successfully completed its inaugural operational test in the Yellow Sea. Commissioned into the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) in January, this vessel marks a significant advancement in China’s efforts to modernize its naval capabilities.

The event, reported by Chinese state media, occurred off the eastern coast of China, an area frequently utilized for naval drills due to its strategic proximity to key shipping routes and potential conflict zones such as the Korean Peninsula and Taiwan.

While the specific goals of the test have not been fully disclosed, the deployment highlights China’s commitment to strengthening its maritime forces in response to escalating regional tensions and its desire to extend its influence beyond its coastal waters.

The Luohe’s first operational test follows closely on the heels of its official commissioning, demonstrating a swift transition to active service. According to updates on X and reports from state media, the frigate underwent rigorous testing in the Yellow Sea, which lies between China to the west and the Korean Peninsula to the east.

This region has historically served as a testing ground for the PLAN, providing a controlled setting to evaluate new vessels and strategies. The test was characterized not as a standard training drill but as an assessment of the ship’s preparedness for real-world operations.

A spokesperson for the PLAN, as reported by China Central Television, referred to the event as an opportunity to “validate the ship’s combat systems and operational capabilities,” although details regarding the duration or extent of the test were not made public.

For the United States and its allies, who are vigilant about China’s naval developments, the introduction of the Luohe provides insight into the advancing capabilities of the world’s largest navy in terms of ship count.

Central to this narrative is the Type 054B frigate, which aims to enhance the features of its predecessor, the widely utilized Type 054A. The Luohe, designated with hull number 545, marks the first of its class—a stealth frigate engineered for quiet and effective operations in contested maritime environments.

With a length of approximately 440 feet and a displacement of around 6,000 tons, it surpasses the Type 054A in size and sophistication, which has been a cornerstone of the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) since the mid-2000s. The design of the ship’s hull minimizes its radar profile, significantly improving its survivability against contemporary detection technologies.

Its propulsion system, which is thought to integrate gas turbines and diesel engines, enables speeds exceeding 27 knots and offers a range suitable for long missions, potentially reaching up to 5,000 nautical miles. This blend of stealth and endurance positions the Luohe as a flexible asset for both coastal defense and operations in more distant waters.

The frigate’s armament and systems underscore China’s ambition to develop a navy capable of addressing various threats. A key feature is its 32-cell vertical launch system (VLS), representing a notable enhancement over the Type 054A’s setup. This system is capable of launching a variety of missiles, including the YJ-12, a supersonic anti-ship missile with a range exceeding 200 miles, designed for precise and rapid strikes against enemy vessels.

The VLS is designed to support HQ-16 surface-to-air missiles, which offer protection against aircraft and incoming missiles at medium ranges, extending up to approximately 25 miles. For close-range defense, the vessel is outfitted with a Type 1130 close-in weapon system (CIWS), a rapid-fire gun capable of firing thousands of rounds per minute to intercept missiles or small boats.

Additionally, a 100mm main gun complements its arsenal, providing effective firepower for surface engagements or shore bombardment. Collectively, these systems empower the Luohe to target threats on land, at sea, and in the air, showcasing a multi-role capability that distinguishes it from older PLAN frigates.

In terms of technology, the Luohe is equipped with advanced sensors and electronics that significantly enhance its situational awareness. A notable feature is its S-band active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, a recent upgrade for the Type 054B class. This radar, prominently positioned on the ship’s superstructure, offers 360-degree coverage and the ability to track multiple targets simultaneously, even in challenging environments such as coastal waters.

Experts indicate that this radar provides superior detection capabilities for stealth aircraft and low-flying missiles compared to the systems found on previous PLAN vessels. The frigate is also equipped with a hull-mounted sonar and potentially a towed-array sonar system, both crucial for submarine detection—a persistent concern in the Yellow Sea and surrounding areas.

These systems are seamlessly integrated through a modern combat management system, enabling the crew to effectively coordinate responses to complex threats. While the exact number of crew members is not publicly available, it is estimated that a ship of this size would typically require around 150 to 200 personnel, comprising both officers and enlisted sailors trained to manage its advanced technology.

The Luohe is a component of China’s North Sea Fleet, one of the three principal fleets within the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN), alongside the East Sea Fleet and the South Sea Fleet. Based in Qingdao, Shandong Province, the North Sea Fleet is tasked with overseeing operations in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea, both of which are vital to China’s economic and security priorities.

This fleet plays a crucial role in safeguarding the approaches to Beijing and Tianjin, two of the nation’s key cities, while also monitoring activities around the Korean Peninsula. The presence of the Luohe in this fleet indicates a strategic emphasis on enhancing northern defenses, although its capabilities enable it to assist in operations in other regions as necessary.

The North Sea Fleet currently operates a diverse array of destroyers, frigates, and submarines, and the introduction of a stealth frigate like the Luohe significantly improves its capacity to execute both defensive and offensive missions in an area where U.S. and allied navies occasionally carry out freedom-of-navigation operations.

In the larger context of Chinese naval strategy, the Type 054B frigate is essential to the PLAN’s transition towards a more balanced and expansive force. Traditionally, China’s navy concentrated on coastal defense, utilizing smaller vessels and submarines to deter threats close to its shores.

However, over the last twenty years, the PLAN has shifted to a strategy that prioritizes “near seas defense and far seas protection,” a doctrine defined by Chinese military leaders under President Xi Jinping.

The Luohe aligns well with this strategic framework. Its stealth capabilities and missile systems position it as a formidable asset for denying access to contested maritime areas near China, such as the Taiwan Strait and the Senkaku Islands, which are administered by Japan but claimed by China.

Simultaneously, its versatile design and operational range enable it to accompany larger vessels, such as aircraft carriers and amphibious assault ships, on missions that extend beyond its home waters, potentially into regions like the South China Sea or the Indian Ocean.

“A naval analyst based in Beijing remarked in a recent interview with a Western media outlet, speaking on the condition of anonymity due to the sensitive nature of the subject, that the Type 054B represents a connection between China’s historical naval capabilities and its future aspirations. It signifies a shift from mere coastal defense to a focus on power projection.”

The operational trials of the Luohe further underscore its role within China’s expanding carrier strike groups. The People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) currently operates two aircraft carriers, the Liaoning and Shandong, while a third, the Fujian, is in the midst of sea trials. Frigates like the Type 054B serve as optimal escorts for these carriers, offering anti-submarine and anti-aircraft protection as the carriers concentrate on launching their aircraft.

In potential conflict situations, such as a blockade or an amphibious operation, the Luohe could provide a protective screen for larger vessels, ensuring they achieve their mission objectives. Its stealth capabilities also enhance its survivability against enemy targeting, complicating adversary strategies.

For the U.S. Navy, which has historically led in carrier-based operations, the introduction of vessels like the Luohe indicates that China is developing a fleet that could challenge U.S. dominance, at least within the regional context.

The frigate’s function extends beyond tactical operations to encompass strategic objectives, playing a vital role in China’s ambition to establish a “world-class” navy by the middle of the century, as stated in official communications from the Chinese Communist Party.

Currently, the Luohe stands as the sole Type 054B frigate confirmed to be operational, but it is expected that it will soon be joined by others. Chinese media and defense analysts indicate that at least one more Type 054B is being constructed, with sea trials for a second vessel potentially commencing in late 2025.

The precise number of frigates China intends to produce in this class is not publicly disclosed, as the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) seldom shares detailed production timelines. However, insights can be gleaned from the Type 054A, its predecessor, which has seen over 40 units commissioned since 2008, making it one of the most prevalent classes within the PLAN’s surface fleet.

Should the Type 054B follow a similar path, China may deploy a dozen or more within the next ten years, contingent on budgetary allocations and strategic imperatives. Each vessel typically requires about three to four years for construction and testing, a timeframe indicative of China’s streamlined shipbuilding capabilities.

This efficiency is a defining characteristic of China’s naval growth, which has surpassed that of any other nation in recent years. According to the Pentagon’s 2022 assessment of Chinese military capabilities, the PLAN is estimated to operate approximately 340 ships, a number projected to rise to 400 by 2025.

This fleet encompasses not only frigates but also destroyers, corvettes, submarines, and aircraft carriers, many of which are produced at extensive shipyards in locations such as Dalian and Shanghai. In 2023 alone, China commissioned several new warships, a rate that significantly exceeds the U.S. Navy’s output of about two to three major combat vessels annually. The Luohe was built at the Hudong-Zhonghua Shipyard in Shanghai, a facility renowned for its production of some of the PLAN’s most sophisticated ships.

This swift construction is driven by a state-led industrial framework, substantial defense funding, and a workforce proficient in maritime engineering. A U.S. naval officer remarked during a congressional hearing last year that “China has transformed shipbuilding into an assembly line,” underscoring the challenges this presents to American naval strategists.

The operational testing of the Luohe in the Yellow Sea marks a significant milestone, reflecting both its specific mission and China’s overarching aspirations. During the test, the ship executed maneuvers to evaluate its systems, including radar tracking and missile targeting, under conditions that likely mimicked real-world threats.

While the outcomes of the test have not been disclosed, the decision by the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) to publicize the event indicates a strong belief in the frigate’s operational readiness. As of March 14, 2025, the Luohe is assigned to the North Sea Fleet, ready for future deployments.

Whether it will participate in exercises in more remote regions, such as the South China Sea or the Western Pacific, will depend on China’s forthcoming strategies—actions that the U.S. and its allies will monitor closely. For the time being, the frigate represents a navy in evolution, one that is progressively narrowing the gap with its Western peers while reshaping the maritime dynamics in Asia.